Merging Multiple DataFrames in Pandas
Data science is becoming increasingly popular, and Python has proven to be one of the leading programming languages. One of the essential libraries for data manipulation with Python is Pandas, which allows users to work with both structured and unstructured data.
In this article, we will focus on merging multiple DataFrames in Pandas.
1) Syntax for Merging Multiple DataFrames
Merging multiple DataFrames is a way to combine multiple datasets that have some shared columns or indices. The merge()
function is used to join DataFrames based on one or more keys.
1.1) Merging Two DataFrames
Here is the syntax for merging two DataFrames:
merged_df = pd.merge(df1, df2, on='key column')
Where df1
and df2
are the DataFrames to be merged, while 'key column'
is the column that both DataFrames have in common. You can also merge on multiple keys:
merged_df = pd.merge(df1, df2, on=['key column1', 'key column2'])
The merged DataFrame contains all columns from both DataFrames, and the rows are combined based on the shared key(s).
The merge()
function has several parameters that can be used to customize the merging process.
1.2) Example of Merging Multiple DataFrames
Let’s consider an example where we have two DataFrames with customer data and order data. Both DataFrames have a shared column ‘Customer ID’:
customers = {'Customer ID': [1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
'First name': ['John', 'Jane', 'Mike', 'Alice', 'Bob'],
'Last name': ['Doe', 'Doe', 'Smith', 'Johnson', 'Lee']}
orders = {'Customer ID': [1, 1, 2, 3, 5],
'Product': ['A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E'],
'Quantity': [2, 1, 3, 2, 2]}
df_customers = pd.DataFrame(customers)
df_orders = pd.DataFrame(orders)
We can merge the two DataFrames based on the ‘Customer ID’ column:
merged_df = pd.merge(df_customers, df_orders, on='Customer ID')
The resulting DataFrame will have all columns from both DataFrames and only rows where the ‘Customer ID’ exists in both DataFrames:
Customer ID First name Last name Product Quantity
0 1 John Doe A 2
1 1 John Doe B 1
2 2 Jane Doe C 3
3 3 Mike Smith D 2
4 5 Bob Lee E 2
Using the merge()
function, we have combined the customer data and order data into one DataFrame based on the shared ‘Customer ID’ column.
2) Using the reduce()
Function in Python
The reduce()
function is a powerful built-in function in Python that is used to apply a function iteratively over a sequence. The reduce()
function is part of the functools
module and is used to reduce a sequence of elements to a single value.
2.1) Importing the reduce()
Function
The first step in using the reduce()
function is to import it from the functools
module:
from functools import reduce
This allows us to use the reduce()
function in our code.
2.2) Example of Using the reduce()
Function
Let’s consider an example where we want to calculate the product of all the elements in a list. We can use the reduce()
function along with the lambda
function, like this:
lst = [2, 4, 6, 8]
product = reduce(lambda x, y: x*y, lst)
print(product)
Output:
384
In this example, we have used the reduce()
function to apply the lambda
function iteratively over the list, multiplying each element together. The reduce()
function reduces the sequence of elements to a single value, which is the product of all the elements in the list.
Another example of using the reduce()
function is to find the maximum element in a list:
lst = [5, 2,
7, 1, 6]
max_val = reduce(lambda x, y: x if x > y else y, lst)
print(max_val)
Output:
7
In this example, we have used the reduce()
function to apply the lambda
function iteratively over the list, comparing each element to find the maximum value.
3) Filling Empty Cells in Merged DataFrames
When merging multiple DataFrames, there may be cases where some cells are empty. This can happen when there is no corresponding data for a certain row or column.
In Pandas, empty cells are represented by NaN
, which stands for “Not a Number.” In this section, we will discuss how to fill empty cells in merged DataFrames.
3.1) Using NaN
to Fill Empty Cells
NaN
can be used to fill empty cells in a DataFrame using the fillna()
method. The fillna()
method can be used to replace NaN
values with a specified value or method.
Let’s consider an example where we have merged two DataFrames with missing values:
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
df1 = pd.DataFrame({'A': [1, 2, np.nan],
'B': [4, np.nan, np.nan],
'C': ['x', 'y', 'z']})
df2 = pd.DataFrame({'A': [np.nan, 4, 5],
'B': [np.nan, 6,
7],
'C': ['x', 'y', 'z']})
merged_df = pd.merge(df1, df2, on='C')
The resulting DataFrame will have NaN values in the cells where the corresponding values are missing:
A_x B_x C A_y B_y
0 1.0 4.0 x NaN NaN
1 2.0 NaN y 4.0 6.0
2 NaN NaN z 5.0
7.0
To fill the NaN
values with a value, we can use the fillna()
method, like this:
merged_df.fillna(0, inplace=True)
The fillna()
method will replace all NaN
values with 0. The resulting DataFrame will be:
A_x B_x C A_y B_y
0 1.0 4.0 x 0.0 0.0
1 2.0 0.0 y 4.0 6.0
2 0.0 0.0 z 5.0
7.0
3.2) Using Other Values to Fill Empty Cells
Instead of using NaN
to fill empty cells, we can use other values based on the context of the data. Let’s consider the same example we used in subtopic 3.1, where we have merged two DataFrames with missing values:
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
df1 = pd.DataFrame({'A': [1, 2, np.nan],
'B': [4, np.nan, np.nan],
'C': ['x', 'y', 'z']})
df2 = pd.DataFrame({'A': [np.nan, 4, 5],
'B': [np.nan, 6,
7],
'C': ['x', 'y', 'z']})
merged_df = pd.merge(df1, df2, on='C')
To fill the NaN
values with values that make sense, we can use the fillna()
method with a dictionary of column names and their corresponding fill values, like this:
fill_values = {'A_x': df1['A'].mean(), 'B_x': 0, 'A_y': df2['A'].median(), 'B_y': df2['B'].median()}
merged_df.fillna(value=fill_values, inplace=True)
In this example, we have used the mean value of column ‘A’ in df1
, 0 for column ‘B’ in df1
, and the median values of columns ‘A’ and ‘B’ in df2
to fill the NaN
values. The resulting DataFrame will be:
A_x B_x C A_y B_y
0 1.0 4.0 x 4.5 6.5
1 2.0 0.0 y 4.0 6.0
2 1.5 0.0 z 5.0
7.0
4) Additional Resources for Pandas Operations
Pandas provides a variety of operations for data manipulation, including filtering, sorting, grouping, and aggregating. In this section, we will discuss some common operations in Pandas and provide additional resources for learning.
4.1) Common Operations in Pandas
- Filtering: Filtering is a way to create a subset of a DataFrame based on certain conditions. The most common way to filter a DataFrame is to use boolean indexing, which creates a series of True and False values for each element in the DataFrame.
- Sorting: Sorting is a way to rearrange the rows of a DataFrame based on the values in one or more columns.
- Grouping: Grouping is a way to group rows of a DataFrame based on the values in one or more columns, and then apply a function to each group.
- Aggregating: Aggregating is a way to apply a function to a group of rows and return a single value.
Example:
import pandas as pd
df = pd.read_csv('data.csv')
filtered_df = df[df['column_name'] > value]
Example:
import pandas as pd
df = pd.read_csv('data.csv')
sorted_df = df.sort_values(by='column_name')
Example:
import pandas as pd
df = pd.read_csv('data.csv')
grouped_df = df.groupby('column_name').mean()
Example:
import pandas as pd
df = pd.read_csv('data.csv')
aggregated_df = df['column_name'].agg(['mean', 'max', 'min'])
4.2) Additional Resources for Pandas Operations
Pandas has extensive documentation on their website, including user guides, API reference, and tutorials. In addition, there are many online resources that can help users learn Pandas, including:
- Pandas Cookbook: A comprehensive guide to manipulating and analysing data with Pandas
- Python for Data Analysis: A book by Wes McKinney, the creator of Pandas, that covers Pandas and other data analysis tools in Python
- Kaggle: A website with many datasets and tutorials for data analysis in Python using Pandas
Conclusion
In this article, we have covered various topics related to working with data in Pandas, including merging DataFrames, filling empty cells, and common Pandas operations. We hope that you found this article informative and helpful in your data science journey.
This article covered several crucial aspects of data management with Pandas, including merging multiple DataFrames, filling empty cells, and common operations available for Pandas users. The article has emphasized the importance of each of these topics in data management and analysis.
Pandas offers a powerful interface for organizing, cleaning, manipulating, and analyzing data, making it a valuable tool for data enthusiasts and professionals alike. By learning about Merging DataFrames, Filling Empty Cells, and Common Pandas Operations, data analysts and researchers will be well-equipped to manage and manipulate complex datasets.
We hope this article was informative and helpful in your data science ventures.